Mitral Stenosis [MS] ☛ Etiology – congenital / Acquired [adult ] ☛ Congenital MS is very rare .Associated with other anomalies as shave’s complex ☛ Acquired – Moss common is Rheumatic heart disease ☛ 25% rheumatic heart disease pure MS. ☛ 40% have MS with MR. ☛ 10% have pure MR. Rare causes are Systemic […]

Aortic Regurgitation   As ventricle relaxes blood from aortic flow back into ventricle so no true isovolumetric relaxation,so ventricle gets filled before mitral valve opens,throughout diastole ventricle gets filled from aorta so end diastolic volume is increased as shown in PV loop By chronic dilatation of ventricle EDV increases No true isovolumetric contraction as blood […]

Classical signs for severe aortic regurgitation are as follows- 1.WIDE PULSE PRESSURE ☛ Mild 40-60 mmHg ☛ Moderate 60-80 mmHg ☛ Severe > 80 mmHg 2.HILLS SIGN ☛ difference between systolic BP in LL & UL ☛ Mild AR- 20-40 mmHg ☛ Mod- 40-60 mmHg ☛ Sev- >60 mmHg 3.ALFRED DE MUSET SIGN ☛ Oscillation […]

Ischemic preconditioning:  Inhalational and  opiod induced ischemic preconditioning as following Defn: Ischaemic preconditioning involves – brief period of (1 to 4sec.)occlusion of artery & the same period of reperfusion before performing the anastomosis. Ischaemic preconditioning can be done, By surgeons occluding the artery before starting the actual anastomosis. Inhalational anaesthetics are also proved to be […]

Introduction Low cardiac output syndrome is one of the complication in post op cardiac surgeries in adult as well as paediatric surgeries. Myocardial function generally decline after 6-8hrs of post CPB/post revascularization surgery because of ischaemic reperfusion injury. Definition – Low cardiac output state can be defined as cardiac index below 2 lits/min/m2,associated with lt. […]

  Low cardiac output can be because of Rt. Ventricular failure and pulmonary hypertension. Preexisting conditions leading to this are- Rt.coronary artery disease, Rt.ventricular infarction, pulmonary hypertension.   Etiology Poor myocardial protection . Prolong ischaemic time or myocardial stunning. Coronary embolism of air.thrombi or particulate matter. Systolic hypotension which causes RV ischaemia. Acute pulmonary hypertension […]

ACC & AHA Definition- Heart failure as a clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood. Because volume overload is not necessary to be present ,the term Heart Failure(HF) is preferred to be term congestive Heart failure. Systolic […]

  ☛ 1896-Autine Marfan ☛ 65-70%genetic transmission-mutation of FBN1 gene on chromosome 15 Criterias ☛ Main systems get affected ☛ Skeletal,CVS, occular, skin,pulmonary Ghent diagnostic criteria For skeletal system MAJOR MINOR Pectus excavatum/carinatum Mild pectus excavatum Upper segment/lower segment <0.8 High arched palate Arm span/height >1.05 Oblong head Walker murdoch sign-(wrist sign)-little Endophthalmos Finger touch […]